1	Building Knowledge Interoperability into GIS: Addressing the Language Challenge
2	Language is the next great challenge to interoperability Connectivity √ provided by the Internet Data format √ provided by XML, etc GIS paradigm √ provided by Safe Software, OGC, etc Content X Requires standard languages
3	What do Experts do? Geologists Look for mines Engineers Look for landslide hazards Land Use Planners Evaluate and plan urban growth Farmers Optimise crop yields Government Fisheries Departments Manage fish stocks and habitats
4	How do they do it? They apply their knowledge to available facts Ideally available in databases too much data Ideally interfaced to maps too many layers
5	Bedrock Geology:
6	Geochemistry:
7	What is the solution? Get the Experts’ Knowledge into the computer How? Using carefully controlled language laid out in Semantic Network constructs. Let the computer prioritise only the relevant information How? By ensuring that the data is recorded in the language that the expert uses. Knowledge must be able to interoperate with the data
8	Mineral Deposit Models: Porphyry Co ± Mo ± Au
9	Computer Representation of Expert’s Mineral Deposits Knowledge as “Semantic Networks” in LegendBurster
10	What languages do experts use? Geology Landslide Hazard Mapping Agriculture Land Use Planning Fisheries
11	Standard Languages in Geology
12	Standard Languages in Natural Hazards.
13	Languages are Hard to Standardise
14	Standard Languages in Agriculture
15	Standard Languages in Land Use Planning
16	Standard Languages in Land Use Planning
17	Standard Languages in Fisheries
18	Standard Languages in Fisheries
19	How do they use them? With multiple cardinalities polygon contains granite, basalt & breccia From varying levels of taxonomies tree – pine tree – Ponderosa Pine tree With explicit negation city block without police station To represent abstract models landslides usually on steep slopes, sometimes on gentle slopes
20	How do they use them? Describe same thing with arbitrary levels of detail Recognise different roles for the same thing
21	How do we use these to attribute our maps? In Conventional GIS with relational database tables with difficulty In LegendBurster with standard vocabularies (optionally hierarchically structured) in semantic networks implemented using ontologies
22	Relational databases compared to Semantic Nets
23	How much work is involved?
24	Standards: Ontology development requires concept models, which often include taxonomies and partonomies.
25	Tabular (Relational) Computer Data can be converted to Semantic Networks for Representation of Sophisticated “Knowledge”
26	Computer Representations of Mineral Deposits Knowledge as “Semantic Networks”: (Smyth (2001) from Cox and Singer (1986))
27	Is it worth it? Yes - for minerals exploration Example 1: www.rockstorichesbc.com Example 2: www.yukonmineraltargets.com Probably - for landslide hazard mapping Example: Current project with GSC in the Sea to Sky Highway region Probably - for most of the disciplines being addressed by the FAO
28	Study Area
29	Bedrock Geology:
30	Geochemistry:
31	Lithology-specific Anomaly Thresholds
32	Analysis-specific Anomaly Thresholds
33	Workflow #1
34	Workflow #2
35	Workflow #3
36	Workflow #4
37	Knowledge Interoperability Product
38	Knowledge Interoperability Product
39	Knowledge Interoperability Product
40	Knowledge Interoperability Product
41	Knowledge Interoperability Product
42	Knowledge Interoperability Product
43	Landslide Hazard Evaluation Data Sources
44	HazardMatch and LegendBurster
45	Standard Language already Used
46	Terrain Classification Code Represented by a Semantic Network
47	HazardMatch and LegendBurster
48	LegendBurster Screenshot
49	LegendBurster Screenshot
50	LegendBurster Screenshot
51	LegendBurster Screenshot
52	LegendBurster Screenshot
53	LegendBurster Screenshot
54	LegendBurster Screenshot
55	Language is the next great challenge to interoperability Connectivity √ provided by the Internet Data format √ provided by XML, etc GIS paradigm √ provided by Safe Software, OGC, etc Content X Requires standard languages
56	Successful Standards For standards to succeed, their adoption has to be a rewarding experience for their users.
57	The Last Word ….. “Geologists owe it to themselves and to workers in other sciences to use standard nomenclature.” R. B. Travis Preface to “Classification of Rocks”, Quarterly of the Colorado School of Mines, Volume 50, Number 1, (1955) What about your discipline? Thank you.